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Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary. The influence of Arabic has been most profound in those countries dominated by Islam or Islamic power. Arabic is a major source of vocabulary for languages as diverse as Amharic, Bengali, Hindi, Indonesian, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Malay, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Somali, Swahili, Tigrinya, Turkish, Turkmen, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken. For example, the Arabic word for ''book'' /kita:b/ is used in most of the languages listed, (exceptions are Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese, which use the Latin-derived words "libro," "llibre" and "livro"). Other languages such as Maltese〔(Maltese language - Britannica Online Encyclopedia )〕 and Nubi derive from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary. Spanish has the largest Arabic influenced vocabulary outside the Islamic world due to the Arab presence in Spain from 711 until 1614,〔http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1219964&fileId=S1740022807002252〕 known as Al-Andalus. The terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like Berber (unicode:''taẓallit'') "prayer" < salat), academic terms (like Uyghur ''mentiq'' "logic"), to everyday conjunctions (like Urdu/Hindi/Punjabi ''lekin'' "but".) Most Berber varieties (such as Kabyle), along with Swahili, borrow some numbers from Arabic. Most religious terms used by Muslims around the world are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as ''ṣalāt'' 'prayer' and ''imām'' 'prayer leader'. In languages not directly in contact with the Arab world, Arabic loanwords are often mediated by other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic; for example many older Arabic loanwords in Hausa were borrowed from Kanuri. Outside the Islamic world, for example in Spanish there are more limited borrowings from Arabic, usually to denote vegetables and other articles in commerce, such as "aubergine", "alcohol" and also some other terms like "admiral" and these mostly came into those languages through Spanish. Also, the word "pants" in Arabic is bantalon, and in Spanish it is pantalones. "Shirt" in Arabic is amis and in Spanish it is camisa. "Shoes" in Arabic is sabat and in Spanish it is zapatos. Even "olives" in Spanish, aceituna, is a direct derivation from the Arabic "ceitun". Arabic influence is more pervasive in the languages of the Iberian Peninsula, and to a lesser degree due to the presence of Islamic rule in the peninsula for centuries in the Middle Ages. This influence can be seen in many place names as well as the placeholder term ''fulano'' ("so and so"). In the Middle Ages, some Arabic philosophical, scientific and medical terms were borrowed by European languages, such as ''markaz'' (centre) and astronomical terms like ''zenith'' and ''azimuth''. ==English== (詳細はEnglish contains many words derived from Arabic, often through other European languages, especially Spanish Among them is every-day vocabulary like "sugar" (''sukkar''), "cotton" (''(unicode:quṭn)'') or "magazine" ('). More recognizable are words like "algebra" (''al-jabr''), "alcohol" (''al-kuhūl''), "alchemy" ("al-kimiya"), "alkali", "cypher" and "zenith" (see list of English words of Arabic origin). A more indirect form of influence is the use of certain Latinate words in an unclassical sense, derived from their use in Latin translations of medieval Arabic philosophical works (e.g. those of Averroes), which entered the scholastic vocabulary and later came into normal use in modern languages. Examples are "information" to mean the imparting or acquisition of knowledge (Arabic ''taṣawwur'', mental impression or representation, from a root meaning "form") and "intention" (Arabic ''macnā'', meaning). These words may almost be regarded as calques. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Influence of Arabic on other languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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